APA: In-Text Citations & References

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Two Connected Parts: In-Text Citations & Reference List

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In-Text Citations

Any time you use a quote or cite a fact from something in your reference list you need to introduce that quote and say something about what it means for your research. The sources are there to support your analysis of a health issue -- help your reader understand why they are there and how they connect to your research.

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In-Text Citation Examples

Housing conditions can impact asthma, particularly for children: "Exposure to indoor allergens is the direct pathway by which poor housing quality may affect asthma. Early childhood exposure and sensitization to allergens found in substandard housing results in an increased risk of incident asthma among those who are genetically predisposed" (Bryant-Stephens et al., 2021). Bryant-Stephens et al. describe specific conditions, such as mold, pests, and dust mites, that can impact renters who may not have control over the conditions of their housing. This helps us understand more concretely about how social determinants such as your ability to find housing can impact our health.

Current statistics show asthma rates are higher among African American and Native American populations as well as low-income populations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023). In my essay, we will look at some of the social determinants that increase asthma rates in specific populations, such as lack of access to quality housing.

Medical researchers have shown "There is a strong correlation between a person's risk of having asthma (as well as the frequency of their attacks and even their risk of death from asthma) and their poverty level and city air quality" ("New Asthma Approach Needed," 2022). This research shows health is not just about things like medicine, exercise, and nutrition. We also have to factor in how our housing and neighborhood can impact our health.

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Reference List

References provide complete information about your in-text citations. They help your reader see what kinds of sources you are using and how to find those sources to get more information.

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Reference List Examples

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